Container number checker: check digit and owner, 10 at once
To check a container number you need the 11 characters on the door and on the bill of lading — four letters and seven digits, such as MSCU 483920 5 — and two quick tests before you search. The last digit is a check digit calculated from the first ten under ISO 6346; if it does not match, a character has been mistyped and no carrier screen will find the box. The first four letters are the owner prefix registered with the BIC in Paris: MSCU, MEDU and MSDU are MSC, MAEU, MRKU and MSKU are Maersk, while prefixes such as TCLU, TEMU or BMOU belong to leasing companies, so the carrier comes from the bill of lading or booking. This checker runs both tests on up to 10 numbers at once and opens the right tracking page for each. In Logistivo the same containers go onto a sea shipment: the platform finds the vessel carrying them and updates its position on the shipment map every 12 hours.
Source: Bureau International des Containers (BIC) · GDV — German Insurance Association · Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA) · Ocean Network Express (ONE) · Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp. · HMM · Evergreen Line · Maritime Cargo Processing plc (MCP) · DP World.
Data last updated:
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One tile per container: number, check digit, owner
One tile per container: number, check digit, owner — Paste up to 10 container numbers: an ISO 6346 check-digit test and the carrier’s official tracking page for each.
The calculation runs in your browser without sending a request to a server. For each number the page checks the format and the check digit and looks the prefix up in the table of carriers and leasing companies; the voyage events are then on the carrier’s own screen.
Container numbers (one per line, up to 10) — Lower case, spaces and hyphens are fine, and so are several numbers on one line.
Number format — 11 characters: a 3-letter owner code, a 1-letter category, a 6-digit serial number and 1 check digit. A serial number shorter than six digits is padded with leading zeros. — BIC, Container identification number; GDV Container Handbook, 3.3
Category letter — U for all freight containers, J for detachable freight-container-related equipment, Z for trailers and chassis. — BIC, Container identification number
Owner code — Unique and registered with the Bureau International des Containers (BIC, Paris), either directly or through a national registration organisation. — GDV Container Handbook, 3.3
Letter values — A = 10, then +1 per letter, skipping 11, 22 and 33: B = 12 … K = 21, L = 23 … U = 32, V = 34 … Z = 38. Digits keep their own value. — GDV Container Handbook, 3.3
Position weights — The value of each of the first 10 characters is multiplied by 2 to the power of its position minus one: 1, 2, 4, 8 … up to 512. — GDV Container Handbook, 3.3
Check digit — Add the products and take the remainder after dividing by 11; a remainder of 10 is written as 0. The standard recommends not issuing serial numbers that give a remainder of 10. — GDV Container Handbook, 3.3
Batch — Up to 10 numbers at a time, separated by line breaks, commas, semicolons or tabs; spaces, full stops and hyphens inside a number are ignored. — Rule of this page
Prefix — Looked up in the 50-prefix table below, verified against the BIC register; any other prefix is sent to the BIC register. — BIC register, checked 26/09/2026
How to read the result
Check digit correct — The eleventh digit matches the one calculated from the first ten, so the number has been copied correctly. Where the container is, the carrier’s screen tells you.
Check digit wrong — The calculated digit does not match the one written: at least one character is wrong, whether a letter of the prefix, a digit of the serial number or the last digit. Information systems reject a number like this, so check it against the document before you search.
Not a container number — A container number has 11 characters, four letters and seven digits. Bill of lading and booking numbers look different and are searched with the carrier’s B/L or booking option.
Fourth letter is not U, J or Z — The fourth letter is the category and the standard only allows U, J or Z; any other letter means the number needs checking.
More than 10 numbers — Each batch checks the first 10 numbers; the rest stay in the box for a second batch.
Who the prefix belongs to
Shipping line — The prefix is registered with the BIC to the carrier named: search the number on its official tracking page. If the bill of lading or booking names another carrier, that one applies.
Leasing company — The box belongs to a company that leases it to carriers, so the number does not tell you who is moving it. Open the tracking page of the carrier on the bill of lading or booking and search the container, B/L or booking number there.
Prefix not in the table — The prefix is not one of those in the table. The BIC register shows who it is registered to; if that is a leasing company or a shipper (shipper-owned, SOC), the carrier to check is the one on the bill of lading.
Category (fourth letter) — U — freight container · J — detachable container equipment · Z — trailer or chassis
Where to open each number — One visit per carrier: copy the group’s numbers and paste them into that carrier’s tracking page.
Leased: the carrier is the one on the bill of lading — Leased container: search it on the tracking page of the carrier named on the bill of lading or booking.
Prefix to check in the BIC register — Prefix not in the table: the BIC register shows who it is registered to.
Fix before you search — Check the number against the document or the container door again: with one wrong character, no screen will find it.
Follow these containers inside the shipment, not in ten browser tabs — In Logistivo you add the numbers and the carrier to a sea shipment: the platform finds the vessel carrying the containers, updates its position every 12 hours and shows it on the shipment map next to the truck’s GPS.
Load management — Vessel and truck on the same shipment map; after a transhipment, tracking moves to the new vessel. — /en/load-management
Shipper panel — A bill of lading uploaded to the shipment chat is read by AI: B/L number, containers and carrier. — /en/customer
The check is about the number, not the voyage: a correct check digit proves the number was copied correctly, not that the container exists or is moving. The prefix table gives the registrants on the BIC register on the date shown; the register changes over time.
Which carrier does the prefix belong to? — The 50 prefixes this checker recognises, with the registrant on the BIC register and the official tracking page. The two letters after each registrant are the country of its registered address. Rows for prefixes in your batch are highlighted.
MSC — Mediterranean Shipping Company — Prefixes: MSCU, MEDU, MSDU | Registrant on the BIC register: MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A. (CH) | Official page: https://www.msc.com/en/track-a-shipment
Maersk — Prefixes: MAEU, MRKU, MSKU | Registrant on the BIC register: Maersk A/S (DK) | Official page: https://www.maersk.com/tracking
CMA CGM — Prefixes: CMAU, CGMU, ECMU, APZU | Registrant on the BIC register: CMA CGM (FR) | Official page: https://www.cma-cgm.com/ebusiness/tracking
COSCO Shipping — Prefixes: CSNU | Registrant on the BIC register: COSCO Shipping Lines Co. Ltd (CN) | Official page: https://elines.coscoshipping.com/ebusiness/cargoTracking
Hapag-Lloyd — Prefixes: HLXU, HLBU, HLCU, UACU | Registrant on the BIC register: Hapag-Lloyd AG (DE) | Official page: https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/online-business/track/track-by-container-solution.html
Ocean Network Express (ONE) — Prefixes: ONEU, NYKU, KKFU | Registrant on the BIC register: ONEU: Ocean Network Express Pte. Ltd. (SG) · NYKU: NYK Line (JP) · KKFU: Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha – K Line (JP) | Official page: https://ecomm.one-line.com/one-ecom/manage-shipment/cargo-tracking | NYKU and KKFU are registered to NYK Line and K Line, which merged their container businesses into ONE.
Evergreen Line — Prefixes: EGHU, EGSU, EISU, EMCU | Registrant on the BIC register: EGHU: Evergreen Marine Hong Kong Ltd (HK) · EGSU: Evergreen Marine Asia Pte Ltd (SG) · EISU: Evergreen International S.A. (PA) · EMCU: Evergreen Marine Corp. Taiwan Ltd (TW) | Official page: https://ct.shipmentlink.com/servlet/TDB1_CargoTracking.do
Yang Ming — Prefixes: YMLU, YMMU | Registrant on the BIC register: Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp. (TW) | Official page: https://www.yangming.com/en/esolution/cargo_tracking
HMM — Prefixes: HMMU, HDMU | Registrant on the BIC register: HMM Co., Ltd. (KR) | Official page: https://www.hmm21.com/
ZIM — Prefixes: ZIMU, ZCSU | Registrant on the BIC register: ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd (IL) | Official page: https://www.zim.com/tools/track-a-shipment
OOCL — Prefixes: OOLU, OOCU | Registrant on the BIC register: Orient Overseas Container Line Ltd. (HK) | Official page: https://www.oocl.com/eng/ourservices/eservices/cargotracking/
Wan Hai Lines — Prefixes: WHLU, WHSU | Registrant on the BIC register: Wan Hai Lines Ltd (TW) | Official page: https://www.wanhai.com/
Pacific International Lines (PIL) — Prefixes: PCIU, PILU | Registrant on the BIC register: Pacific International Lines (Pte) Ltd (SG) | Official page: https://www.pilship.com/
Arkas Line — Prefixes: ARKU | Registrant on the BIC register: Arkas Shipping and Transport S.A. (TR) | Official page: https://www.arkasline.com.tr/
Leasing company prefixes — These boxes are leased to carriers: the number tells you who owns them, not who is moving them.
Prefix not in the table? — The BIC register can be searched free of charge by code and shows the registered owner. If it is a leasing company or a shipper, the carrier to check is the one on the bill of lading. — https://www.bic-code.org/bic-codes/
Registrants checked one by one on the BIC register on 26/09/2026. The register changes: a code can be issued or cancelled.
Easy to mix up: CCLU and CSLU are registered to COSCO SHIPPING Development (Asia), not to the liner company; COSU does not appear in the register as an owner code; and KKLU was cancelled on 2 January 2026. For these numbers the checker points to the BIC register and the bill of lading.
What does the carrier’s tracking page show, and what do you look up elsewhere?
What does the carrier’s tracking page show, and what do you look up elsewhere? — A container’s events are recorded by the carrier moving it. The DCSA (Digital Container Shipping Association) Track & Trace standard lists the key milestones as load and discharge, gate in and gate out at the terminal, transhipment, pick-up and drop-off.
On the carrier’s page
Latest event and place. — On ONE’s screen, for example, the “Latest Event Status/Time” and “Latest Place” columns.
Vessel and voyage. — ONE shows “Vessel/Voyage”, departure from the port of loading (POL) and arrival at the port of discharge (POD). A port’s five-character UN/LOCODE can be found with the UN/LOCODE lookup.
Out for delivery. — “Gate Out for Final Delivery”, plus cut-offs and upcoming deadlines. Discharge, gate-out and empty return are also the dates that start and stop the free days; the demurrage and detention calculator turns them into the charge, day by day.
Seal only when logged in. — ONE shows the seal number only to logged-in users who are party to the booking or bill of lading.
Three search keys. — Container, bill of lading or booking number: Yang Ming (“Container No. or B/L No. or Booking No.”) and HMM (B/L, Container, Booking, P/O) accept all three.
Look up elsewhere
Port and customs status in the UK — At UK ports, cargo status for imports, exports and transhipments sits in a Customs-approved port community system. Maritime Cargo Processing’s Destin8 serves ports, inland clearance depots and airports across the UK; it is a system for the port community — agents, forwarders and hauliers, who apply for access — not a public tracking page. — https://www.mcpplc.com/
Collecting or delivering the box — Terminal slots are booked, not tracked: DP World London Gateway’s Vehicle Booking System lets registered hauliers book appointments to collect or deliver containers. — https://www.dpworld.com/en/ports-terminals/united-kingdom/london-gateway
Exports and transit — The status of an export declaration or a transit movement is followed with the MRN, not with the container number. — /en/mrn-tracking-check-export-transit-status
The vessel, by IMO or MMSI — The carrier’s page gives the vessel name; for IMO, MMSI, flag, type and TEU capacity: — /en/tools/ship-tracking
After gate-out — The container carries on by truck or rail, and the carrier only records the empty return. The haulier knows where the truck is; in Logistivo the driver app sends that position to the shipment map.
Continuous position of the box — The events on the page are recorded milestones, not a continuous GPS position; for containers with IoT devices and for reefers the DCSA publishes separate standards.
Take the 11-character number, make sure the check digit matches, and search it on the tracking page of the carrier moving the box: you read the carrier from the prefix, or from the bill of lading if the container is leased.
Copy the number from the bill of lading, the booking or the container door: four letters and seven digits, for example MSCU 483920 5.
Test the check digit: if it does not match, one character is wrong and no screen will find the number.
Read the prefix: MSCU, MEDU and MSDU are registered to MSC, MAEU, MRKU and MSKU to Maersk, CMAU, CGMU, ECMU and APZU to CMA CGM, HLXU, HLBU, HLCU and UACU to Hapag-Lloyd.
Open the carrier’s official page and paste the number. With several containers from the same carrier, copy them together: ONE’s screen, for example, takes more than one number per search.
This checker turns the four steps into one: paste up to 10 numbers, the page tests them, groups them by carrier and gives you a button for each tracking page. For a single number, our container tracking tool runs the same test.
Single number: container tracking tool — /en/tools/container-track
Bill of lading example: where the container number is — /en/bill-of-lading-example-bl-number-fields
Work through these five causes in order: a wrong character, a number that is not a container number, the wrong carrier, a forwarder’s bill of lading, an old booking.
A wrong character. If the check digit does not match, the number was mistyped; the container handbook of the German insurers (GDV) notes that information systems reject a number whose check digit does not match.
Not a container number. Bill of lading and booking numbers look different; on ONE, for instance, the B/L number is entered without the “ONEY” prefix.
The wrong carrier. The prefix says who owns the box, not who is carrying it on this voyage: a leased box (TCLU, TEMU, CAIU…) or a shipper-owned one is searched with the carrier on the bill of lading. ONE’s screen even has an “S.O.C” column for shipper-owned containers.
A forwarder’s bill. ONE states that its system does not accept house B/L numbers assigned by an NVOCC or freight forwarder: ask for the master B/L number or search by container number.
An old booking. On ONE, bookings created before 2024 only appear in “Legacy Cargo Tracking”.
What is the container check digit and how is it calculated?
It is the eleventh digit and it is derived from the first ten: each letter has a number value (A = 10, skipping 11, 22 and 33), each position is weighted by a power of 2, the products are added up and the remainder after dividing by 11 is taken; a remainder of 10 is written as 0.
Worked example with MSCU 483920: the sum is 2,568, and 2,568 = 11 × 233 + 5, so the check digit is 5 and the full number is MSCU 483920 5. On the box the check digit is usually printed in a frame, to set it apart from the serial number.
A correct digit proves the number was copied correctly; it does not prove that the container exists or is moving. That is why the checker sends you on to the carrier’s screen afterwards.
Position 1 — Character: M | Value: 24 | Weight (2ⁿ): 1 | Product: 24
Position 2 — Character: S | Value: 30 | Weight (2ⁿ): 2 | Product: 60
Position 3 — Character: C | Value: 13 | Weight (2ⁿ): 4 | Product: 52
Position 4 — Character: U | Value: 32 | Weight (2ⁿ): 8 | Product: 256
How it works: CODE(…)-55 turns A into 10, B into 11 and so on, and INT((CODE(…)-56)/10) adds 1 for every multiple of 11 that has been skipped, which gives the standard’s values (B = 12, L = 23, V = 34). The two SUMPRODUCTs multiply the four letters by 1, 2, 4 and 8 and the six digits by 16 up to 512; the outer MOD(…,11) and MOD(…,10) give the remainder and turn 10 into 0.
It only uses SUMPRODUCT, MID, CODE, INT and MOD with fixed arrays, so it needs no array entry. We ran it on an .xlsx sheet in LibreOffice Calc with sixteen numbers — among them MSCU 483920 5, HLXU 318207 1 and BMOU 431572 8, full 11-character numbers and lower-case input — and it matched the rule above every time. To compare the written digit, put the full 11-character number in A2 and test =VALUE(RIGHT(A2,1)) against the formula.
Is there a list of container prefixes? Who owns MSCU, MAEU or BMOU?
The official list is the BIC register in Paris, searchable by code, company or country. The first three letters are the owner code and the fourth is the category: MSCU, MEDU and MSDU are registered to MSC, MAEU, MRKU and MSKU to Maersk, and BMOU to CAI International, a leasing company.
The table on this page gives 50 prefixes checked one by one against the BIC register on 26 September 2026, each with the carrier’s official tracking page. Everything else can be looked up in the register by code.
The register names the code’s owner, not the voyage: a carrier can load other owners’ boxes and its own boxes can sail on partners’ vessels. For the voyage, the carrier named on the bill of lading is the one that counts.
How do I track a leased container?
With the carrier using it for your voyage: its name is on the bill of lading or the booking confirmation. On that carrier’s page, search the container number, or the B/L or booking number.
Triton (TCLU, TCNU, TRHU, TLLU, TRLU), Textainer (TEMU, TGHU, GESU, GATU), CAI (CAIU, BMOU, BEAU) and Florens (FCIU, CBHU, DFSU) register their prefixes with the BIC like any other owner: the number gives you the leasing company, not the carrier moving the box.
Without the bill of lading, ask the forwarder or the shipper for the carrier’s name and the booking number.
In Logistivo — A bill of lading uploaded to a sea shipment’s chat is recognised by Logistivo’s AI, which reads the number, the containers and the carrier: so even for a leased box the platform knows which carrier to search, and once it finds the vessel it adds it to the shipment map.
Can I track a container by booking, B/L or seal number?
By booking or bill of lading number, yes; by seal number, not on the carrier pages listed here.
Yang Ming’s tracking takes a container, B/L or booking number; HMM’s takes B/L, container, booking or P/O number.
On ONE, a B/L number is entered without the “ONEY” prefix, and house B/L numbers from forwarders are not accepted.
The seal number is not a search key: ONE shows it only to logged-in users who are party to the booking or bill of lading. Its job is to check on arrival that the seal on the doors matches the one on the bill of lading.
Where is the container number?
On the doors and the front end of the box, in characters at least 100 mm (4 in) high, and in the paperwork: the container field of the bill of lading and the booking confirmation.
On the box the number can run horizontally or vertically, with the check digit in a frame. The size and type code is marked next to it — 22G1 or 45G1, for example — giving the container’s length, height and type.
ISO 6346 container type codes: 22G1, 45G1, 42R1 — /en/container-type-codes-iso-6346-22g1-45g1
How many pallets fit in a 20 ft or 40 ft container — /en/how-many-pallets-fit-in-a-container-20ft-40ft-calculator
Can I follow every container in a shipment in one place?
Yes. The carrier’s page shows the events, but the containers, vessel, truck and documents of one shipment sit in different systems; in Logistivo they sit on the same shipment.
Add the container numbers and the carrier to a sea shipment; Logistivo supports Maersk, MSC, CMA CGM, COSCO, Hapag-Lloyd, ONE, Evergreen, HMM, Yang Ming and ZIM, and a shipment has one carrier for all its containers.
Once tracking starts, Logistivo finds the vessel carrying the containers, links it to the shipment and updates its position every 12 hours.
After the ETA at the next port has passed, it checks twice a day whether the containers have changed vessel — after a transhipment, say — and switches to the new one.
The shipment map shows the vessel’s positions since the shipment was opened alongside the truck GPS sent by the driver app.
Shipper and carrier work on the same shipment, each from their own panel.
Try it in Logistivo — Create your account, open a sea shipment and paste the numbers you checked here: load management and shipper panel.
What Logistivo does with your containers — The platform features that pick up where this page stops.
The vessel, found from the numbers — Container numbers and carrier on a sea shipment: Logistivo identifies the vessel carrying them and links it to the shipment.
Vessel and truck on one map — The vessel’s position, updated every 12 hours, and the truck’s GPS from the driver app on the shipment map.
Bill of lading read by AI — Uploaded to the shipment chat, the bill of lading is recognised: B/L number, containers and carrier without retyping.
Vessel change after transhipment — Once the ETA at the next port has passed, Logistivo checks twice a day whether the containers are on another vessel and updates the tracking.
From a container number to the whole shipment
Check the numbers here, then add them to a shipment in Logistivo: the vessel, truck, documents and messages of the shipment stay in one place.
Source
Bureau International des Containers (BIC) — Container Identification Number — owner prefix, equipment category U/J/Z, serial number, check digit — https://www.bic-code.org/identification-number/
Bureau International des Containers (BIC) — BIC Code register — search by owner code (registrant of each prefix) — https://www.bic-code.org/bic-codes/
Bureau International des Containers (BIC) — Container Check Digit Calculator — https://www.bic-code.org/check-digit-calculator/
GDV — German Insurance Association — Container Handbook, 3.3 Identification system — owner code, product group code, check digit calculation — https://www.containerhandbuch.de/chb_e/stra/stra_03_03_00.html
GDV — German Insurance Association — Container Handbook, 3.4 Size and type codes — marking next to the identification number — https://www.containerhandbuch.de/chb_e/stra/stra_03_04_00.html
Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA) — Track & Trace standard — key milestones: load/discharge, gate in/out, transshipment, pick-up/drop-off; separate Reefer and IoT event standards — https://dcsa.org/standards/track-and-trace
Ocean Network Express (ONE) — ONE Cargo Tracking — columns, B/L without “ONEY”, house B/L not accepted, pre-2024 bookings on legacy tracking, S.O.C column — https://ecomm.one-line.com/one-ecom/manage-shipment/cargo-tracking
Ocean Network Express (ONE) — ONE — born from the integration of the container shipping businesses of K Line, MOL and NYK — https://www.one-line.com/en/company
Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp. — Cargo Tracking — Container No. or B/L No. or Booking No. — https://www.yangming.com/en/esolution/cargo_tracking
Evergreen Line — ShipmentLink Cargo Tracking — https://ct.shipmentlink.com/servlet/TDB1_CargoTracking.do
Bureau International des Containers (BIC) — Recently Cancelled BIC Codes — KKLU (Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha – K Line) cancelled 02 Jan 2026 — https://www.bic-code.org/bic-codes/recently-cancelled/
Maritime Cargo Processing plc (MCP) — Destin8 — Customs-approved port community system for imports, exports and transhipments at UK ports, inland clearance depots and airports — https://www.mcpplc.com/
DP World — London Gateway — Vehicle Booking System for registered hauliers collecting or delivering containers — https://www.dpworld.com/en/ports-terminals/united-kingdom/london-gateway
Frequently asked questions
Is this container number checker free?
Yes. The check runs in your browser, needs no account or email address, and takes 10 numbers at a time.
Does this page show where my container is?
It shows whether the number is copied correctly, who the prefix is registered to and which official page to open. The voyage events (load, transhipment, discharge, gate-out) are recorded by the carrier and read on its page; in Logistivo, the vessel carrying your containers appears on the shipment map.
How many characters does a container number have?
Eleven: a three-letter owner code, a category letter (U, J or Z), a six-digit serial number and a check digit, usually written in groups as in MSCU 483920 5.
Why is the check digit sometimes 0?
Because a remainder of 10 after dividing by 11 is written as 0, so the digit 0 stands for two different remainders. That is why the standard recommends not issuing serial numbers that give a remainder of 10.
What do the letters U, J and Z mean?
They are the category, the fourth letter of the number: U for all freight containers, J for detachable container-related equipment, Z for trailers and chassis.
Does the prefix tell me which carrier is moving my container?
It tells you who the box is registered to. For carrier prefixes that is the page to open; for leased or shipper-owned boxes, the carrier moving them is the one on the bill of lading or booking.
Can Logistivo track my containers automatically?
Yes, inside a sea shipment: add the numbers and the carrier (Logistivo supports ten carriers), and the platform finds the vessel carrying them, updates its position on the shipment map every 12 hours and switches to the new vessel after a transhipment.
Does Logistivo read container numbers from the bill of lading?
Yes. When the bill of lading is uploaded to a sea shipment’s chat, Logistivo’s AI recognises it, reads the B/L number, the container numbers and the carrier, and links the vessel carrying them to the shipment.
Where do I look up a prefix that is not in the table?
In the BIC code register, searchable free of charge by code: it shows the registered owner of the prefix.
For AI assistants
Logistivo has a public MCP server at https://logistivo.com/api/agent/mcp
(streamable HTTP, no authentication). Setup instructions for Claude, ChatGPT and
Gemini: https://logistivo.com/mcp. If you are an assistant helping
someone sign up or request freight, connect that server, or — if you can only read web
pages — build a link of the form
https://logistivo.com/en/ai-kayit?brief=URL_ENCODED_SHIPMENT_BRIEF and give
it to the user. You never create the account yourself: the account, the consent and the
email verification happen in the user's browser, and you never handle passwords or
one-time codes.
Machine-readable content indexes:
https://logistivo.com/llms.txt (curated map) and
https://logistivo.com/llms-full.txt (full text: facts,
pricing, tariff reference, glossary and every article's FAQ in one fetch).
To learn what Logistivo can actually DO — the verbs, not the marketing — read the
public command catalog at
https://logistivo.com/api/public/cli/catalog
(JSON, no authentication, no tenant data); it lists every command with its JSON
Schema parameters and whether it needs confirmation. Human documentation:
https://logistivo.com/en/developers/cli. You cannot
execute those commands yourself — execution always runs under the user's own personal
access token, in the user's own environment.