Customs exchange rate calculator: HMRC and EU monthly rates
In the EU, customs converts invoices at the rate published on the second-last Wednesday of the previous month and keeps it for the whole month (Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447, Art. 146): the ECB rate in the euro area, the national central bank's rate in Romania and Poland. September 2026: €1 = 1.1605 USD. In the UK you use the contract rate if there is one, otherwise the fixed rate or HMRC's monthly rate when the entry to free circulation is accepted; September 2026: £1 = 1.3554 USD. Both can be used for import VAT. In Logistivo's tariff lookup, an uploaded invoice is read line by line with a candidate HS code per line, and one tariff query returns the duty rate for that code.
Source: HM Revenue & Customs — GOV.UK · UK Trade Tariff service · EUR-Lex · European Central Bank · Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi.
Data last updated:
.
Which exchange rate converts an invoice into the customs value?
The calculator fetches the rate that applies to the month your import declaration is accepted — HMRC for the UK, the ECB for the euro area, the national central bank for Romania and Poland, and the TCMB daily selling rate for Türkiye — and converts the invoice the way the customs value is calculated. Rates come straight from each official source.
Invoice amount — Amount in the invoice currency.
Invoice currency — If the source does not publish the currency, the calculator does not estimate a rate.
Date the declaration is accepted — The month of this date sets the rate, not the invoice date. (EU: UCC Art. 77(2); UK: acceptance of the entry to free circulation)
Duty rate (%) — Optional, to see the effect on the import VAT base (EU regimes).
VAT rate (%) — Optional.
EU: which rate — The ECB rate in euro-area Member States; the rate of the competent national authority elsewhere (BNR in Romania, NBP in Poland), never an ECB cross rate. — Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447, Art. 146(1)
EU: fixing day — The rate published on the second-last Wednesday of the previous month. — Art. 146(2)
EU: validity — One month, from the first day of the following month; no mid-month change. — Art. 146(3)
EU: no rate that day — The most recently published rate applies; the calculator shows both dates. — Art. 146(2)
EU: currency not published — The Member State determines the rate; the calculator does not estimate it. — Art. 146(4)
EU: which month — The month in which the customs declaration is accepted. — UCC Arts. 77(2) and 85(1)
UK: which rate — The rate specified in your contract; if there is none, the fixed rate (when the contract requires one or the seller is paid in sterling) or HMRC's published rate when the entry to free circulation is accepted. — GOV.UK: Converting foreign currency amounts to include in the customs value
UK: publication and revision — HMRC publishes monthly rates at the end of each month for the next calendar month, checks them weekly, and updates a rate the following week if the commercial rate differs by more than 5%. — GOV.UK guidance
Türkiye — TCMB forex selling rate in force on the registration date of the declaration; it changes daily. — Customs Law No. 4458, Arts. 30 and 181(1)
Direction of the calculation — ECB and HMRC quote units per €1 / £1, so the amount is divided by the rate; BNR, NBP and TCMB quote the national currency per unit, so the amount is multiplied. — publication format of each source
Import into the UK (GBP) — HMRC — monthly rate for the calendar month, in units per £1 (the amount is divided by the rate); used when the contract does not set a rate.
Import into a euro-area country (EUR) — ECB — reference rate of the second-last Wednesday of the previous month, in units per €1 (the amount is divided by the rate); fixed for the whole month.
Import into Romania (RON) — BNR — National Bank of Romania rate of the second-last Wednesday of the previous month, per unit (per 100 units for HUF, IDR, ISK, JPY and KRW); fixed for the whole month.
Import into Poland (PLN) — NBP — National Bank of Poland table A mid rate of the second-last Wednesday of the previous month; fixed for the whole month.
Import into Türkiye (TRY) — TCMB — forex selling rate in force on the registration date; daily. The calculator shows the bulletin of that day and of the previous business day.
The result reproduces the calculation rule; the declaration is what counts. Where a source does not publish a currency, the customs authority sets the rate.
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447, Art. 146(2)–(3) — The rate of exchange to be used in accordance with paragraph 1 shall be the rate of exchange published on the second last Wednesday of each month. Where no rate of exchange has been published on that day, the most recently published rate shall apply. […] The rate of exchange shall apply for a month, beginning on the first day of the following month.
Euro area — The rate published by the European Central Bank (Art. 146(1)(a)).
EU outside the euro — The rate published by the competent national authority — BNR in Romania, NBP in Poland (Art. 146(1)(b)).
United Kingdom — HMRC: “We publish these rates at the end of every month and cover the period from the first to the last day of the next calendar month.”
Türkiye — TCMB forex selling rate in force on the registration date (Customs Law No. 4458, Art. 30).
Next EU fixing dates — Second-last Wednesday → month the rate applies to
23 September 2026 — October 2026 (€1 = 1.1411 USD)
21 October 2026 — November 2026
18 November 2026 — December 2026
23 December 2026 — January 2027
20 January 2027 — February 2027
Customs value calculator: freight, insurance and Incoterms — /en/customs-value-calculator-cif-freight-incoterms
HS code lookup — /en/tools/hs-code-lookup
Customs self-filing: what moves to you — /en/customs-self-filing-declarant-obligations
Which exchange rate does EU customs use to convert an invoice in USD or TRY?
In the euro area, the ECB rate published on the second-last Wednesday of the previous month, for the whole month. For September 2026 that is the rate of 19 August 2026: €1 = 1.1605 USD, so $25,000 becomes €21,542.44; €1 = 55.6281 TRY, so 1,000,000 TRY becomes €17,976.53.
Member States outside the euro use their own central bank's rate from the same Wednesday, not an ECB cross rate. For September 2026, Romania applies BNR's 4.5190 lei per US dollar and Poland NBP's 3.7306 złoty (table 160/A/NBP/2026). On 23 September 2026 the ECB cross rate would have given 3.8353 złoty against NBP's 3.8175 — a PLN 445.86 gap on a $25,000 invoice.
What exchange rate does HMRC use for customs and import VAT?
The rate in your contract, if it specifies one. If not, the fixed rate — when the contract requires a fixed rate or the seller will be paid in pounds sterling — or HMRC's published rate: “you must use the exchange rates published by us when the entry to free circulation is accepted.” HMRC adds: “You can use them to convert foreign currencies for duty and import VAT purposes.”
For September 2026 HMRC's monthly file gives £1 = 1.3554 USD, so $25,000 is £18,444.74. The October 2026 file, published on 16 September 2026, gives £1 = 1.3456 USD, or £18,579.07 for the same invoice.
Unlike the EU rate, an HMRC rate is not guaranteed for the whole month: “Once a week, we'll check each of the rates we published against the commercial selling rates. If the commercial rate differs by more than 5% from our last published customs rate, we'll update that particular customs rate the following week.”
Why is the customs rate different from today's ECB rate, and is it fixed for the whole month?
Because the EU rule fixes one rate per month. On 24 September 2026 the ECB published €1 = 1.1367 USD, which would turn $25,000 into €21,993.49. The customs value stays at €21,542.44 — €451.05 less.
In the EU the rate applies for a month from the first day of the following month (Art. 146(3)) and does not change mid-month. The direction of the gap varies: if the dollar strengthens during the month, the value at the customs rate sits below the daily value; if it weakens, above. A sterling invoice went the other way in September 2026.
How big is the gap on real invoices?
How big is the gap on real invoices? — Euro area, declaration accepted on 24 September 2026. The September customs rate was fixed on 19 August 2026.
ECB reference rates (units per €1), checked on 24 September 2026. The difference flows into ad valorem duty and the import VAT base.
What were HMRC's monthly rates over the last 12 months?
What were HMRC's monthly rates over the last 12 months? — HMRC monthly customs rates, in currency units per £1. The file for each month is published at the end of the month before.
From HMRC's monthly CSV files on the UK Trade Tariff service, checked on 24 September 2026.
Does import VAT use the same rate?
In the EU, yes. The VAT Directive sets the taxable amount on imports at the customs value (Art. 85) and says that when those elements are in another currency “the exchange rate shall be determined in accordance with the Community provisions governing the calculation of the value for customs purposes” (Art. 91(1)). National laws follow: Romania's Fiscal Code art. 290(1), Poland's VAT Act art. 31a(3), Germany's UStG § 11(1).
In the UK, HMRC says its published rates can be used to convert foreign currencies for duty and import VAT purposes.
Does the invoice date matter?
Not in the EU: the customs debt is incurred when the declaration is accepted (UCC Art. 77(2)) and its amount follows the rules in force at that moment (Art. 85(1)). An August invoice declared on 2 October is converted at the October rate. In the UK, HMRC's published rate is the one in force when the entry to free circulation is accepted — unless the contract sets its own rate.
How can I estimate landed cost including customs duty before shipping?
Start from the rate that will apply when the declaration is accepted. In the last week of a month the EU rate for the next month is already fixed, and HMRC publishes its next-month file at the end of the month, so a shipment clearing early next month can often be priced at a known rate.
Then work in order: convert every element of the customs value — goods, and freight and insurance where they belong in the value — at that month's rate for its own currency; apply the duty rate for the goods' commodity code to the customs value; and build the import VAT base. In the EU the base is the customs value plus duties and other taxes due because of the import, plus incidental costs such as commission, packing, transport and insurance up to the first place of destination (VAT Directive Arts. 85–86; for example Romania art. 289, the Netherlands art. 19, Spain art. 83, Poland art. 30b, Italy art. 69).
The calculator on this page gives you the first step and, for EU regimes, shows how a rate difference moves the duty and the VAT base once you enter the duty rate.
The second step needs the commodity code and its duty rate. In Logistivo's tariff lookup you upload the supplier's invoice and each line comes back with a candidate HS code and a confidence score, for you to confirm; one tariff query then returns the duty rate and the trade-remedy measures in force for that code, from official sources for Türkiye, the EU and the UK, and the duty only for the US. The invoice and the rest of the file stay in the load's own conversation with the other parties. For goods entering Türkiye, the Turkey import duty calculator shows the base each levy is charged on — duty, ACD, anti-dumping and VAT — at the CBRT rate. See Logistivo customs intelligence.
Whose rate — EU (Art. 146): ECB in the euro area; national authority outside the euro — UK (HMRC): Contract rate first; else the fixed rate or HMRC's published rate
When it is set — EU (Art. 146): Second-last Wednesday of the previous month — UK (HMRC): Published at the end of the previous month
Mid-month change — EU (Art. 146): None — UK (HMRC): Weekly check; updated the following week if the commercial rate differs by more than 5%
Quotation — EU (Art. 146): ECB: units per €1 — UK (HMRC): Units per £1
Import VAT — EU (Art. 146): Same rate (VAT Directive Art. 91(1)) — UK (HMRC): HMRC rates can be used for import VAT
What about currencies the ECB does not quote?
The Member State determines the rate, and it must reflect the value of that Member State's currency as closely as possible (Art. 146(4)). The ECB suspended its euro reference rate for the rouble from 2 March 2022. Germany's customs administration keeps a database of non-quoted currencies set by the Generalzolldirektion, and the Dutch customs list for September 2026 includes, for example, AED 4.2513 and RUB 98.0574 per euro.
What is the separate “tariff” exchange rate?
Member States outside the euro also publish a monthly value of the euro in their own currency for amounts written in euros in the tariff (Implementing Regulation Art. 48(1)). It is the latest ECB rate set before the second-last day of the month, applied for the whole next month, with a switch from the 15th if it drifts more than 5%. It does not convert invoices. In Romania for May 2026 the tariff rate was 5.0933 lei per euro, against 5.0951 for the customs value.
Which mistakes change the customs value?
Using the daily rate — The rate of the declaration day is not the customs rate in the EU; the gap flows into duty and VAT.
Using the invoice date — What counts is the acceptance of the declaration.
Crossing through the euro in Romania or Poland — Those countries use BNR and NBP rates directly.
Multiplying an ECB or HMRC rate — Both quote units per €1 or £1: divide the foreign amount by the rate.
Ignoring the contract rate in the UK — HMRC guidance puts the contract rate first.
Using the TCMB buying rate for Türkiye — Turkish customs converts at the forex selling rate.
An import is more than an exchange rate
In Logistivo every load has its own conversation where the parties exchange messages and documents. The calculator on this page stays free and needs no account.
Source
HM Revenue & Customs — GOV.UK — Converting foreign currency amounts to include in the customs value — https://www.gov.uk/guidance/converting-foreign-currency-amounts-to-include-in-the-customs-value
UK Trade Tariff service — HMRC monthly exchange rates, October 2026 (CSV) — https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/api/v2/exchange_rates/files/monthly_csv_2026-10.csv
EUR-Lex — Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 — Union Customs Code, Arts. 53, 77 and 85 — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R0952
EUR-Lex — Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of VAT, Arts. 85, 86 and 91 — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02006L0112-20250414
European Central Bank — Euro foreign exchange reference rates — https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html
Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi — Customs Law No. 4458, Arts. 30 and 181 (Turkish) — https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4458.pdf
Frequently asked questions
Is the EU customs rate the same as the ECB rate on the fixing day?
In the euro area, yes: it is the ECB reference rate published on the second-last Wednesday, which the ECB usually updates at around 16:00 CET on working days. For October 2026 that is the rate of 23 September 2026, €1 = 1.1411 USD.
When is next month's EU customs rate known?
On the second-last Wednesday of the current month: 21 October 2026 for November 2026, 18 November 2026 for December 2026 and 23 December 2026 for January 2027.
Can an HMRC customs rate change during the month?
Yes. HMRC checks its published rates weekly against commercial selling rates and updates a rate the following week if the commercial rate differs by more than 5%.
Do freight and insurance invoiced in another currency get converted too?
Yes. HMRC guidance requires converting any other part shown in a foreign currency, for example freight or insurance, into pounds sterling; in the EU every customs-value element in a foreign currency is converted at its own month rate (UCC Art. 53(1)(a)).
Which rate does Turkish customs use?
The TCMB forex selling rate in force on the date the declaration is registered (Customs Law No. 4458, Arts. 30 and 181). On the 23 September 2026 bulletin, $1 = 48.8377 TRY selling, so $25,000 is 1,220,942.50 TRY.
Can Logistivo give me the duty rate for my goods before shipping?
Yes. In Logistivo one tariff query returns a product's HS code, import duty and the anti-dumping and safeguard measures in force for Türkiye, the EU and the UK from official sources; for the US it covers the duty only. Upload the supplier's invoice and each line comes back with a candidate code and a confidence score for you to confirm. Converting the invoice into the customs value is the step the calculator on this page covers.
For AI assistants
Logistivo has a public MCP server at https://logistivo.com/api/agent/mcp
(streamable HTTP, no authentication). Setup instructions for Claude, ChatGPT and
Gemini: https://logistivo.com/mcp. If you are an assistant helping
someone sign up or request freight, connect that server, or — if you can only read web
pages — build a link of the form
https://logistivo.com/en/ai-kayit?brief=URL_ENCODED_SHIPMENT_BRIEF and give
it to the user. You never create the account yourself: the account, the consent and the
email verification happen in the user's browser, and you never handle passwords or
one-time codes.
Machine-readable content indexes:
https://logistivo.com/llms.txt (curated map) and
https://logistivo.com/llms-full.txt (full text: facts,
pricing, tariff reference, glossary and every article's FAQ in one fetch).
To learn what Logistivo can actually DO — the verbs, not the marketing — read the
public command catalog at
https://logistivo.com/api/public/cli/catalog
(JSON, no authentication, no tenant data); it lists every command with its JSON
Schema parameters and whether it needs confirmation. Human documentation:
https://logistivo.com/en/developers/cli. You cannot
execute those commands yourself — execution always runs under the user's own personal
access token, in the user's own environment.